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‘Get Back’ series dispels, and confirms, some Beatle myths

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NEW YORK (AP) — For 50 years, the fixed narrative had the Beatles’ “Let it Be” recording session as a miserable experience with a band where members were sick of each other, sick of their work and in the process of breaking up.

The nearly eight-hour, Peter Jackson-produced documentary culled from film and recording outtakes of those sessions instead reveal a self-aware band with a rare connection and work ethic that still knew how to have fun — yet was also in the process of breaking up.

The “Get Back” series unspools over three days starting Thanksgiving on Disney+.

Produced by a Beatlemaniac for fellow Beatlemaniacs, it can be an exhausting experience for those not in the club. But the club is pretty big. Beyond the treats it offers fans, “Get Back” is a fly-on-the-wall look at the creative process of a band still popular a half-century after it ceased existence.

Jackson, the Academy Award-winning maker of the “Lord of the Rings” series, was discussing another project with the Beatles when he inquired about what happened to all the outtakes of director Michael Lindsay-Hogg’s 1970 “Let it Be” film.

Nearly 60 hours of film taken over three weeks existed, mostly unseen, and the band had been considering what to do with it. Jackson took that material, as well as 150 hours of audio recordings, and spent four years building a story.

He approached with the fear that it might be a depressing slog.

Lindsay-Hogg’s film is viewed as a chronicle of the band’s demise — unfairly, in Jackson’s view — because it was released shortly after the break-up was announced. Individual Beatles reinforced the notion with negative comments about the experience, where they had given themselves a tight deadline to write and record new material in preparation for a live show, with cameras following it all.

“I just waited for it to go bad,” Jackson said. “I waited for the arguments to begin. I waited for the conflict to begin. I waited for the sense that they hated each other. I waited for all the things I had read in the books, and it never showed up.”

Oh, there’s conflict. History overshadows the enjoyable moments revealed in the outtakes, like John Lennon singing “Two of Us” as a Bob Dylan impersonator, or he and Paul McCartney challenging each other to a run-through without moving their lips. Jackson restores the balance.

“The connection was incredible,” drummer Ringo Starr recalled in a recent Zoom interview. “I’m an only child (but) I had three brothers. And we looked out for each other. We looked after each other. We had a few rows with each other — that’s what people do. But musically, every time we would count in — one, two, three, four — we were into being the best we could be.”

Jackson follows the sessions day-by-day from their start in a cavernous film set that was eventually abandoned in favor of their familiar London recording studio, to the brief rooftop performance that was the last time the Beatles played in public.

The filmmaker is sensitive to the idea that he was brought in to “sanitize” the sessions, pointing out that “Get Back” depicts George Harrison briefly leaving the band, an event Lindsay-Hogg was not permitted to show.

That moment unfolded after a morning where Harrison watched, silently stewing, as Lennon and McCartney displayed their tight creative connection working on “Two of Us” as if the others weren’t there. When a lunch break came, Harrison had something more permanent in mind.

“I’m leaving the band now,” he says, almost matter-of-factly, before walking out.

After a few days, and a couple of band meetings, Harrison was coaxed to return. The morning he does, the film shows him and Lennon reading a false newspaper report that they had come to blows, and faced off in boxing stances to mock it.

Along the way, Jackson’s project dispels and reinforces pieces of conventional wisdom that have solidified through the years.

Myth No. 1: McCartney was a control freak.

Verdict: Partly true. The film shows Harrison visibly chafing at McCartney giving him and other band members instructions on how to play and cajoling them into a decision on a live concert. The band had been somewhat aimless since the 1967 death of manager Brian Epstein. McCartney had taken on the “daddy” role and isn’t entirely comfortable with it.

“I’m scared of me being the boss, and I have been for a couple of years,” he says. “I don’t get any support.”

Myth No. 2: Yoko Ono broke up the Beatles.

Verdict: Not true. She’s there at virtually every recording session, but mostly as a benign force sitting next to Lennon. The other Beatle spouses all show up in the studio, although not as often. At one point, McCartney even makes a prescient joke about her.

“It’s going to be such an incredible comical thing in 50 years’ time — they broke up because Yoko sat on an amp,” he says.

The afternoon after Harrison left, the remaining Beatles clearly take out their frustration with some aggressive, atonal music, and Ono takes over his microphone — a spellbinding moment.

Myth No. 3: The Beatles had essentially turned into four solo artists, with the others as sidemen to each other’s songs.

Verdict: Not true. They’re constantly collaborating, seeking and taking advice. At one point, Harrison confesses to Lennon that he’s been having trouble completing the line that became “attracts me like no other lover” in “Something.” Lennon suggests using a nonsense phrase — “attracts me like a cauliflower” — until something better emerges.

Through the film, viewers can see how the song “Get Back” emerged from McCartney working out a riff on the side, to he and Lennon trading lyrical selections and throwing out an idea to make it a song criticizing anti-immigrant sentiment, to the full band working out the arrangement. Pleased with the final result, it’s Harrison who suggests immediately releasing it as a single.

“A glimpse of them working together is an enormously important artifact, not just for Beatles fans but for anybody who is creative,” said Bob Spitz, author of “The Beatles: The Biography,” published in 2005.

Myth No. 4: Filming showed the Beatles breaking up.

Verdict: Essentially true. It becomes clear that Lennon and Harrison’s enthusiasm for being Beatles is waning. Lennon is clearly in love with Ono; McCartney tells Harrison and Starr that if it ever came down to a choice between her and the Beatles, Lennon would go with her.

Harrison, growing creatively, is becoming uncomfortable with his secondary role. He talks with Lennon about doing a solo album because he has enough songs written to fill his “quota” on Beatles albums for another decade. As if to prove his point, the Beatles rehearse Harrison’s majestic “All Things Must Pass,” but decline to record it.

In the film, Lennon and Starr also discuss a meeting with Rolling Stones manager Allen Klein about taking over the Beatles’ business, foreshadowing a bitter split with McCartney.

“The whole thing is full of mini-stories,” Jackson said.

Jackson, who had been expected to make a conventional documentary, said he was nervous taking his much longer final product back to McCartney, Starr and the families of Lennon and Harrison.

“But they came back and said, ‘great, don’t change a thing,’” he said.

Among the priceless moments that he unearthed is the joy on the Beatles’ faces as they played on the studio rooftop. The film shows the whole performance, the Beatles rising to the challenge and having a great time doing it.

When the police finally end it, the band and entourage retreat to the studio and listen to a recording of what they’ve done.

“This is a very good dry run for something else,” says producer George Martin.

That, alas, was not to be.

Copyright © 2021 The Washington Times, LLC.

Wall Street Warms Up, Grudgingly, to Remote Work, Unthinkable Before Covid

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In private, many senior bank executives tasked with raising attendance among their direct reports expressed irritation. They said it was unfair for highly paid employees to keep working from home while others — like bank tellers or building workers — dutifully come in every day. Salaries at investment banks in the New York area averaged $438,450 in 2020, up 7.8 percent from the previous year, according to data from the office of the state comptroller, Thomas P. DiNapoli.

Two senior executives, who declined to be identified discussing personnel matters, said they might push out subordinates who are not willing to come back to the office regularly. Another manager expressed frustration about a worker who refused to show up at the office, citing concern about the virus — even though the person had recently traveled on vacation.

Executives “have not felt that they could put on pressure to get people back in the office — and those who have put on pressure have gotten real pushback,” said Ms. Wylde, of the Partnership for New York City. “Financial services is one of those industries that are hugely competitive for talent, so nobody wants to be the bad guy.” She expects that big financial firms will eventually drive workers back into the office by dangling pay and promotions.

For now, banks are resorting to coaxing and coddling.

Food trucks, free meals and snacks are occasionally on offer, as are complimentary Uber and Lyft rides. Dress codes have been relaxed. Major firms have adopted safety protocols such as on-site testing and mask mandates in common areas. Goldman, Morgan Stanley and Citigroup are requiring vaccinations for workers entering their offices, while Bank of America asked only inoculated staff to return after Labor Day. JPMorgan has not mandated vaccines for workers to return to the office.

At Citi, which asked employees to come back for at least two days a week starting in September, offices are about 70 percent full on the days with the highest traffic. Citi, whose chief executive, Jane Fraser, started her job in the middle of the pandemic, has hired shuttle buses so that employees coming into Midtown Manhattan from suburban homes can avoid taking the subway to the bank’s downtown offices. To allay concerns about rising crime in New York, at least one other firm has hired shuttle buses to ferry people a few blocks from Pennsylvania Station to offices in Midtown, Ms. Wylde said.

Remote working arrangements are also emerging as a key consideration for workers interviewing for new jobs, according to Alan Johnson, the managing director of Johnson Associates, a Wall Street compensation consultancy.

A Fix-It Job for Government Tech

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This article is part of the On Tech newsletter. Here is a collection of past columns.

U.S. government technology has a mostly deserved reputation for being expensive and awful.

Computer systems sometimes operate with Sputnik-era software. A Pentagon project to modernize military technology has little to show after five years. During the coronavirus pandemic, millions of Americans struggled to get government help like unemployment insurance, vaccine appointments and food stamps because of red tape, inflexible technology and other problems.

Whether you believe that the government should be more involved in Americans’ lives or less, taxpayers deserve good value for the technology we pay for. And we often don’t get it. It’s part of Robin Carnahan’s job to take on this problem.

A former secretary of state for Missouri and a government tech consultant, Carnahan had been one of my guides to how public sector technology could work better. Then in June, she was confirmed as the administrator of the General Services Administration, the agency that oversees government acquisitions, including of technology.

Carnahan said that she and other Biden administration officials wanted technology used for fighting wars or filing taxes to be as efficient as our favorite app.

“Bad technology sinks good policy,” Carnahan told me. “We’re on a mission to make government tech more user-friendly and be smarter about how we buy it and use it.”

Carnahan highlighted three areas she wanted to address: First, change the process for government agencies to buy technology to recognize that tech requires constant updates. Second, simplify the technology for people using government services. And third, make it more appealing for people with tech expertise to work for the government, even temporarily.

All of that is easier said than done, of course. People in government have promised similar changes before, and it’s not a quick fix. Technology dysfunction is also often a symptom of poor policies.

But in Carnahan’s view, one way to build faith in government is to prove that it can be competent. And technology is an essential area to show that.

Building that competence starts with something very dull — budgeting and procurement. Carnahan told me last year that governments tended to fund digital infrastructure the way they did bridges. They buy it once and try not to think about it much for the next few decades. That mentality is a mismatch with technology, which works best with constant improvements and upkeep.

Carnahan said that she was trying to spread the message in Congress and government agencies that a predictable amount of government funding doled out over time is a better approach to buying tech. Carnahan said the government should think of tech like Lego sets, with pieces that are regularly swapped out or rebuilt. (Hey, the metaphors work for me.)

She also hopes to use technology to help remove headaches that make it difficult for people to have access to public services.

As one example, Carnahan mentioned that she wanted to significantly expand the number of government services accessible through login.gov. There, people can create a single digital account to interact with multiple services, like those for applying to a government job or filing for disaster help for a small business.

And like many people in government, Carnahan is also making a pitch for people with technical expertise to work for the public sector. Her appeal is part pragmatism and part patriotism. “Government is the single best way to have an impact on people’s lives,” Carnahan said.

She said that remote work had also made government jobs more realistic for people who don’t want to move to Washington, and so have programs like the U.S. Digital Service and the new U.S. Digital Corps, which allow technologists to work short stints alongside civil servants.

Carnahan isn’t pretending that changing decades of relative dysfunction in government technology will be easy. But she believes doing so is crucial now that technology is often the primary way people interact with local, state and federal governments, whether it’s registering to vote or getting help with a Medicare claim.

“Making the damn websites work is the fundamental thing that people expect out of government these days,” she said.


  • How do we keep children safe online? U.S. law more or less bans internet services from having users who are younger than 13. My colleagues at New York Times Opinion talked to young kids who are online despite the restrictions, and made the case that the U.S. learn from new child-protection guidelines in Britain.

    (There’s a back story about those clever kids in the Opinion Today newsletter. You can sign up here.)

  • A hammer falls on spyware: Apple sued NSO Group, an Israeli company whose software has been abused by governments to spy on the smartphones of human rights activists, journalists and dissidents. My colleague Nicole Perlroth writes that the lawsuit and the U.S. government’s recent blacklisting of NSO could be steps toward more oversight of the global market for spyware.

  • Thoughtful gift ideas! Brian X. Chen, the consumer technology columnist for The Times, has lovely ideas for tech-related holiday presents that are not gadgets. (I bet Brian’s wife is going to love her digital photography lesson. Don’t spoil the surprise.)

I’m obsessed with the NASA spacecraft that launched today on a mission to smack into an asteroid the size of a sports stadium to knock it off course. Yes, this is a little like the plot of the movie “Armageddon.”


We want to hear from you. Tell us what you think of this newsletter and what else you’d like us to explore. You can reach us at ontech@nytimes.com.

If you don’t already get this newsletter in your inbox, please sign up here. You can also read past On Tech columns.

Even with COVID, inflation, “Thanksgiving for the Troops” is still a go, Pentagon says

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The COVID-19 pandemic, supply-chain bottlenecks and inflation are complicating communal meals and causing prices to skyrocket for staples like turkey and dressing, but Pentagon officials insist they will once again provide a Thanksgiving bounty to those serving in uniform around the globe.

For more than 50 years, the Defense Logistics Agency (DLA) has been providing traditional Thanksgiving food to mess halls, field kitchens and ship galleys to any location around the world where U.S. forces are deployed.

Thanksgiving is one of the most important meals we work on all year,” said Army Col. Larry Dean, director of the subsistence supply chain for DLA‘s troop support branch. “Our entire team works on it for months and we don’t stop until the big day.” 

This year, the Department of Defense shipped out more than 5,700 whole turkeys and almost 60,000 pounds of roasted turkeys. More than 40,000 pounds of shrimp and almost 70,000 pounds of pies and cakes will be laid out for hungry military personnel. 

The DLA works with regional vendors — both domestic and international — to ensure that military cooks have the bird, sides and desserts to prepare festive holiday meals for troops away from home this Thanksgiving, military officials said. While COVID-19 remains a challenge for the Pentagon, officials say the restrictions of dining together will be far less arduous this year.

This Thanksgiving comes as the military services are facing important deadlines to carry out, Secretary Lloyd Austin’s order mandating all Defense Department civilian and military personnel be vaccinated against the deadly virus.

“The holiday meal should look more normal this year, with in-person dining returning in many locations,” said Army Brig. Gen. Eric Shirley, DLA troop-support commander. 

The average cost of the classic Thanksgiving feast for 10 people this year is more than $53 dollars, a 14% increase from last year’s average of about $47, Farm Bureau officials say. The average price for a turkey — the centerpiece on most Thanksgiving tables — is up almost 25% from 2020, according to the Farm Bureau, the agriculture industry trade group.

“We are currently dealing with the same supply issues that the commercial industry is dealing with,” said Robin Whaley, chief of customer operations for DLA‘s domestic troop-support mission. “We have been working with our vendors well in advance of the holiday to reduce chances that the necessary items won’t be available on the big day.”

Ethiopia expels Irish diplomats over Ireland’s stance on war

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LONDON (AP) – Ethiopia has ordered four of six Irish diplomats working in Addis Ababa to leave the country because of Ireland’s outspoken stance over the ongoing conflict in Ethiopia, Ireland‘s government said Wednesday.

The Department of Foreign Affairs said Ethiopia‘s government informed the Irish Embassy in the Ethiopian capital that the four must leave within one week. The Irish ambassador and one other diplomat were allowed to stay.

In a statement, the department said that Ethiopian authorities indicated this was “due to the positions Ireland has articulated internationally, including at the U.N. Security Council, on the ongoing conflict and humanitarian crisis in Ethiopia.”

Minister for Foreign Affairs Simon Coveney said he “deeply regretted” the decision, and noted that Ethiopia has been the largest recipient of Ireland’s aid funds in the past five years.

He added that in light of the deteriorating security situation in Ethiopia, the government recommended against all travel to the country and all Irish citizens there should leave immediately. Britain’s government issued a similar statement Wednesday, urging Britons to leave while commercial flights were still available and the international airport at Addis Ababa remained open.

Ireland and African members of the U.N. Security Council led a statement on Nov. 5 calling for a cease-fire, stressing the importance of full humanitarian access to Tigray and political dialogue between parties.

Coveney has said he supports the U.S. sanctioning of individuals over the war, and Ireland has also warned at the Security Council that the “horror of starvation” could occur again in Ethiopia.

Tens of thousands of people have been killed in the yearlong war between Ethiopian and allied forces and fighters from the country’s northern Tigray region, who long dominated the national government before Prime Minister Abiy Ahmed took office. Tigray forces are moving closer to the capital, and the United States and others have warned that Africa’s second-most populous country could fracture and destabilize the Horn of Africa.

Copyright © 2021 The Washington Times, LLC.

Pentagon creates new UFO office, acknowledges ‘national security concerns’

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Would-be alien overlords, be warned.

The Defense Department late Tuesday night formally created a new office to track and organize UFO sightings across the U.S. military, acknowledging that persistent cases of unidentified aerial phenomena (UAP) “raise potential national security concerns” that cannot be ignored.

In a memo to Pentagon leaders, Deputy Defense Secretary Kathleen Hicks said the Airborne Object Identification and Management Synchronization Group will coordinate all UAP-related efforts across the military and will serve as the Defense Department’s primary point of contact for other federal agencies working on the issue.

The creation of the office is a major step for the Pentagon, which until just several years ago said virtually nothing publicly about UFOs or its extremely secretive research into the unexplained. But following the release of a string of videos showing close encounters between military pilots and UFOs, Ms. Hicks and other officials now openly discuss the potential security concerns that stem from UAP and the need for the Pentagon to do much more to understand what’s happening in the skies over America.

In her memo, Ms. Hicks said that the presence of UAP “represents a potential safety of flight risk to aircrews and raises potential national security concerns.”

The director of the UAP office hasn’t yet been named, but that individual will oversee a wide portfolio related to UFO sightings. 

“The director … will address this problem by standardizing UAP incident reporting across the department; identifying and reducing gaps in operational and intelligence detection capabilities; collecting and analyzing operational, intelligence and counterintelligence data; recommending policy, regulatory or statutory changes, as appropriate; identifying approaches to prevent or mitigate any risks posed by airborne objects of interest; and other activities as deemed necessary by the director,” the memo reads in part.

The Office of the Director of National Intelligence also will participate in the group, Ms. Hicks said.

The Pentagon and ODNI collaborated on a major UFO report released earlier this year. That report, released in June, determined that most UFO sightings by U.S. service members remain unexplained but could involve “breakthrough technologies” that represent a deep threat to national security.

The study did not rule out visitors from galaxies far, far away as the cause of more than 100 unexplained UAP sightings by U.S. military personnel. 

The Pentagon announcement comes as a bipartisan group of senators, including Democrat Kirsten Gillibrand of New York and Republican Marco Rubio of Florida, are pushing an amendment to the pending National Defense Authorization Act to create an “Anomaly Surveillance and Resolution Office to coordinate U.S. military and intelligence work regarding UFOs.

“If it is technology possessed by adversaries or any other entity, we need to know,” Ms. Gillibrand told Politico last week in an interview. “Burying our heads in the sand is neither a strategy nor an acceptable approach.”

The Best Tech Gifts That Aren’t Gadgets

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My favorite holiday tech gift doesn’t require batteries or software updates. It’s not even a gadget, though it was made with technology.

Can you guess what it is?

A few years ago, my wife experimented with her iPad and a digital stylus to make digital illustrations. Using Procreate, a drawing app, she loaded a photo of our beloved corgi, Max, as a reference to trace over before embellishing the image with a polka-dot bow tie and a cartoonishly long tongue. I liked it so much that I picked a background color that would complement our home and uploaded the illustration to the app Keepsake, a printing service that assembles your images in a nice frame before delivering it to your door.

A large, framed portrait of Max now hangs as a centerpiece in our living room in all its two-dimensional glory. It makes me smile and is always a conversation starter when we have guests over. That’s more than I can say about other tech gifts that I’ve received over the years, such as video games and smart speakers, which only brought short-lived joy.

This type of gifting exercise — tech-adjacent presents that don’t involve hardware or thoughtless Best Buy gift cards — may be especially welcome this year. That’s because we are living in a pandemic-induced era of scarcity driven by a global chip shortage and supply chain disruptions that have made conventional gifts difficult to buy. (Anyone trying to buy a game console for the last year understands this pain.)

So here’s a list of ideas for tech gifts we can give without actually buying tech, from the presents you can create to experiences that will last a lifetime.

Last week, I told a friend I had a special present for her: I would fix her iPhone problem.

She had complained to me about her five-year-old iPhone SE. The device could no longer take photos or install software updates because nearly all of the device’s data storage was used up.

So before she left for her Thanksgiving vacation, I met her for lunch and walked her through the process of backing up photos to an external drive before purging all the images from the device. Then I plugged her phone into a computer to back up all her data before installing the new operating system.

She was thrilled to have this problem fixed before her trip. She can now take lots of photos on vacation. Plus, a new Apple software update has a tool to add a digital vaccine card to the iPhone’s wallet app, which makes holiday travel slightly less stressful in the pandemic.

For those who are somewhat tech savvy, this may serve as a template. Listen to your loved ones’ complaints about their tech and offer the gift of solving the problem. If it’s a sluggish Wi-Fi connection, see if you can diagnose the issue to boost speeds. If it’s a short-lived phone battery, consider taking them to a repair shop to get the battery replaced for a small sum.

In some ways, this beats giving a brand-new gadget because it spares them the hassle of learning how to use a new piece of tech.

Apart from the example of the digital illustration of my dog, there are plenty of other ways we can use tech to create for friends and family.

For one, I’m a fan of photo books that can easily be created with web tools. A few years ago, a colleague’s Secret Santa gift for me was a calendar she made using Google’s photo books service. She created it by pulling photos from my dog’s Instagram account and compiling them into a calendar — each month was a different photo of Max posing next to an entree cooked by my wife and me. I was delighted.

In general, photo-printing services offer nice ways to turn digital photos into physical keepsakes in the form of old-school, large prints and even mugs and Christmas ornaments. (Wirecutter, our sister publication that reviews products, tested two dozen photo-printing services and highlighted its favorites.)

Before the pandemic upended our lives, my wife bought a DSLR, the type of digital camera used by professionals, with the goal of learning more about digital photography. Then the lockdowns happened, vacations turned into staycations and the camera ended up living in a drawer.

My plan for a holiday present for my wife is a two-hour digital photography lesson with a photo studio in San Francisco that takes students on a stroll across the Golden Gate Bridge while teaching the fundamentals of photography. (Hopefully she doesn’t read this column.)

What would your friends and family like to learn? We have plenty of options for potential gift classes, since the pandemic drove many teachers to offer virtual instruction online, including for cooking lessons and workout routines. The gift of knowledge goes a long way and sometimes gives back, like when the recipient of online cooking lessons uses that newfound knowledge to make you dinner.

The pandemic may have exposed us to more screen time than we could ever imagine enduring, so a great gift this year could also be anything that takes our attention away from tech.

That could be renting a cabin in an area with no cellular service, tickets to a play, a winter hike and a picnic — anything that gives us respite from our inevitable return to screens.

8 New Books Coming in December

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In this debut thriller, three dancers try to conceal their secrets at the Paris Opera Ballet. Delphine is back in Paris after years in St. Petersburg, choreographing a new ballet and hoping to reconcile with her former friends, but their shared past threatens to topple the production.

Expect plenty of satire and uncomfortably funny scenarios for the characters in this collection, which run the gamut from a literary magazine assistant to a couple considering a threesome to a Bush administration lawyer.

This novel taps the real-life story of a Somali sailor in Wales who was falsely accused of murder. With this book, Mohamed became the first British Somali writer shortlisted for the Booker Prize, and she said in an interview that writing the novel, despite its tragic premise, was “cathartic.”

Read our interview with Mohamed

A veteran editor of The New Yorker and Knopf attempts to pin down the life of an actress known for her elusiveness. Greta Garbo stopped acting in her 30s and appeared in just 24 Hollywood films, yet left an outsize influence. Gottlieb traces her life from her early years in working-class Stockholm through her later years living as “a hermit about town” in New York, and includes clips from scholars, co-stars and critics that offer fresh perspectives on her life.

An Oxford professor offers an imaginative biography of the 17th-century poet that sets out to capture Milton’s “desire to escape time, to be perennially contemporary.” Readers learn about his adolescence, a pivotal journey to Italy during which Milton met Galileo, and his later years, along with Milton’s own influence on the author.

This new collection draws on Hustvedt’s ancestors, both literary and familial. (The opening selection begins: “My paternal grandmother was ornery, fat, and formidable.”) She touches on her intellectual forebears, ruminates on the allure of mentorship and perhaps above all, wrestles with the peculiarities of motherhood.

Victoria, the mysterious character at the center of this literary thriller, was killed on Sept. 11 while meeting with her lawyer in one of the towers. She had been accused of killing her lover, and her case was essentially forgotten until some of her remains are discovered decades later. But the discovery forces a new reckoning with the truth, leading a journalist and a retired F.B.I. agent to reconsider the mystery.

A graduate student moves to a new city to study Gothic nudes, “an ambiguous topic, whose greatest challenge would be one of consciousness: to view the naked human form as medievals did.” Her conversations with her landlord, a painter named Agnes, veer from artistic meditations to personal history, and the student’s original area of study takes on a deeper dimension.

Read our review

The Gene-Synthesis Revolution

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At Ginkgo, the synthesized DNA is then inserted into a host cell, perhaps yeast, which starts producing enzymes and peptides. Trial and error follow. Maybe the outputs from the first gene sequence are too floral, not spicy enough; maybe the ones from the second gene sequence have the right scent, but the cells don’t produce enough of it. Once an effective prototype is found, Ginkgo increases its production by growing the yeast in large vats and streamlining a process for extracting the desired molecules from the soup. What Ginkgo delivers is a recipe and ingredients — the winning genetic code, the host cell and the conditions in which the cells have to be nurtured — which the client can then use on its own.

Ginkgo’s platform first attracted customers in the fragrance industry, but in the last two years it has been partnering with pharmaceutical companies to search for new therapeutics. One such project is seeking to discover the next generation of antibiotics, in order to counter antibiotic resistance. Lucy Foulston, whose background is in molecular microbiology, is leading the effort; Tom Keating, a chemist, is working with her. Together, they highlighted for me a beautiful, twisted paradox — most antibiotics, and most antibiotic resistance, come from bacteria themselves. Bacteria carry genetic snippets with instructions to produce antimicrobial molecules that kill other bacteria. Typically they also have a capacity for self-resistance, so that the bacteria making a particular antibiotic avoid killing themselves, but this resistance can be transferred among bacteria, so that it becomes widespread.

Historically, two paths have been taken to come up with new antibiotics. The first, celebrated in stories of Alexander Fleming and moldy bread, is to seek them in the natural world: Scientists go out, obtain a little bit of soil from a geyser or coral reef, put what they find in a petri dish and see whether it kills any interesting bacteria. The second approach is to comb through chemical libraries in search of molecules that show antibacterial activity. Together, these two approaches gave us a steady supply of new antibiotics up until the 1980s and ’90s, when discoveries began to dry up.

“There was a lot of speculation,” Keating says. “Did we find all the useful ones? Did we find everything that was easy to find? Did we run into bacteria that are now so difficult to kill that the new ones we find don’t really work on them?” Whatever the reason, the reality is that we’ve been running out of new antibiotics in the face of growing antibiotic resistance.

‘I think what we’re just scratching the surface of is, can we program biology to do what chemists have traditionally done.’

The antibiotics project at Ginkgo is looking through bacterial genomes for segments encoded to generate novel antimicrobials. The sequencing efforts of the ’90s and 2000s yielded large databases of bacterial genomes, both public and private, that have given scientists an increasingly sophisticated understanding of which genes produce which molecules. And scientists have also developed the necessary techniques to, as Foulston says, “take these genes out, put them in another bacterial strain” — one they know how to work with — “and then coax that particular strain to produce the molecule of interest.”

Keating continues: “We don’t need the organism anymore. We don’t need it to be growing on a plate. We don’t need it to be killing anything else. All we need is the code.”

‘In the Eye of the Wild,’ a Haunting Memoir About Life After a Bear Attack

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The bear tore off part of Martin’s jaw and two of her teeth; Russian doctors installed a metal plate in her face, which French doctors later replaced. (“My jaw is made the scene of a Franco-Russian medical Cold War.”) “I see myself mechanized, robotified, dehumanized,” Martin writes. But she also felt an enormous gratitude to her French surgeon and “her civilized hands, which seek solutions to the problems of wild animals.”

Credit…Nolwenn Brod

Martin was 29 years old at the time, and we learn little about her life before. Her father died during her adolescence, and as a child she was always in search of adventure: “The anti-life consisted of the classroom, mathematics and the city.” Before the encounter, the Evens were already calling her matukha, or “she-bear.” It sounds like a coincidence, but Martin describes the encounter as something else. “I had to go to meet my dream,” she says of the event, realizing that it sounds absurd. But “absurdity” and “coincidence” are categories that cease to be useful to her. “There is only resonance,” she writes.

Returned to the ostensible safety of civilization, Martin noticed that the things people said to her were often oblivious and cruel. One hospital therapist asked her how she was feeling, “Because, you know, the face is our identity.” Others murmured how “pretty” she must have been “before.” A visiting relative, presumably trying to comfort her, said, “It could be worse, you just look like you’re fresh out of the gulag.” Martin decided that she had to go back to Kamchatka. A friend compared her to Persephone, “who returns annually to the underworld in order the better to climb back up into the light.”

As an anthropologist, Martin had spent her career learning about animism, the belief that the world is imbued with spiritual forces beyond human intention. She found herself drawn to “the tanglement of ontologies, the dialogue between worlds” — intriguing ideas, or that’s what she told herself. Animism was something that was “nice material to write about,” she says, before she was yanked out of her presumption that she could somehow keep herself at a distance, as an observer, without also being acted upon. Before the bear, she had started to dream — chasing a wolf, following a beaver. This, she says, marked an “inner disturbance”; she was still herself, but her unconscious was in search of something else.

After the bear, the Evens called her medka — a human who has been “marked by the bear” and lives between worlds. Some of them wanted to avoid her, while others tried to reassure her. “The bears give us a gift: You, by leaving you alive,” said Daria, one of her Even friends in Tvayan. Martin felt both moved and repulsed — touched by the awareness of something beyond human intention, but also irritated that these “absent participants” felt entitled to interpret an event that had happened not to them but to her. “This is precisely why I keep coming up against reductive and even trivializing interpretations, however lovingly meant,” she writes. “We are facing a semantic void, an off-script leap that challenges and unnerves all categories.”